Kung fu refers to the Chinese martial arts, also called quanfa. In China, it refers to any study, learning, or practice that requires patience, energy, and time to complete. In its original meaning, kung fu can refer to any discipline or skill achieved through hard work and practice, not necessarily martial arts, such as the discipline of tea making called the gongfu tea ceremony. The literal equivalent of "Chinese martial art" in Mandarin would be 中國武術 zhōngguó wǔshù.